高原鼠兔家群空间模式和种群统计学特征研究

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	高原鼠兔家群空间模式和种群统计学特征研究
其他题名	The study on spatial pattern in family groups and demographic parameters of plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae)
	曲家鹏
学位类型	硕士
导师	张堰铭
	2008-06-05
学位授予单位	中国科学院西北高原生物研究所
学位授予地点	西北高原生物研究所
关键词	高原鼠兔家群空间模式种群统计学特征生命表生长模式
摘要	生活史特征及种群空间结构是进化生态学研究的热点问题之一。本论文采用标志重捕及社群行为观察等方法，对青藏高原特有小哺乳动物高原鼠兔（Ochotona curzoniae）家群结构、空间模式、种群动态、繁殖、生长发育以及生态寿命等特征进行了系统研究，结果表明：繁殖早期，家群由越冬成体和第1胎幼体构成；繁殖后期，家群主要由第1胎幼体构成。高原鼠兔家群年龄结构依季节而存在显著的差异。5月，成体和雌性第1胎幼体个体数显著的大于其他月份，5月、6月雄性第1胎幼体个体数显著的大于7月、8月，6月第2胎幼体个体数显著的大于7月、8月，7月雄性第2胎幼体个体数显著的大于8月。7月、8月，第1胎幼体个体数显著的大于第2胎幼体。高原鼠兔家群内5月成体性比显著高于7月、8月。高原鼠兔在冬季漫长、食物匮乏以及繁殖季节极短等条件下，调整家群结构，提高繁殖成功率，使其种群在严酷的高寒环境中得以延续。高原鼠兔巢区、核域面积存在显著的季节性差异。5、6月份，成体巢区面积显著大于幼体，但二者核域面积却无显著差异；7月份，成体与第1胎幼体巢区及核域面积均显著大于第2胎。5、6月份雄性成体巢区显著大于7、8月份，6、7月份雌性成体巢区显著大于5、8月份。巢区及核域面积均与家群个体数呈极显著性正相关关系，说明季节和家群结构均可对高原鼠兔空间领域产生重要作用。繁殖季节高原鼠兔种群密度变化显著，但年间种群密度较稳定。高原鼠兔死亡率存在3个高峰期：第1次为幼体出生早期，且第2胎死亡率显著高于第1胎；第2次为成体繁殖高峰期；第3次为衰老期，在此期间死亡率迅速增加。高原鼠兔冷季死亡率显著低于暖季。幼体自出巢至8月中旬，其日体重增长速率为1.3-1.4g/d，第2胎显著高于第1胎，雄性显著高于雌性。8月中旬，当年出生个体体重与成体无显著的差异，不同胎次间也无显著的差异。高原鼠兔2龄与3龄成体的体重无显著差异，相同年龄，不同胎次的成体，其体重亦无显著的差异。高原鼠兔第1胎雄性体重显著大于雌性，而第2胎雌、性体重没有显著差异。说明高原鼠兔仅在特定年龄阶段存在显著的性二型。
其他摘要	Spatial patterns and life history charecteristics are key issues in Population ecology and evolution ecology. Using capture-mark-recapture method and behavioral observation, the family group structure, spatial pattern, population dynamics, reproduction, growth and longevity of the plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae), an endemic herbivorous small mammal habituating in the Tibetan Plateau, are studied in this thesis. The mainly results are as follows: In May the family groups are composed of adults and first-litters (male: Adult: 47%, Juvenile: 53%; female: Adult: 40%, Juvenile: 60%), and in August are mainly composed of first-litters (male: 58%; female: 51%). Composition of plateau pika families averaged 5.1 adults (2.4 males and 2.7 females) and 13.0 juveniles (5.2 males and 7.8 females) that survived long enough to be caught. There are significant differences in age structure within family groups among different months. In May individuals of adults and female first-litters are significantly larger than those in other months. In May and June individuals of male first-litters are significantly larger than those in July and August. In June individuals of second-litters are significantly larger than those in July and August, in July individuals of male second-litters are significantly larger than those in August. In August individuals of first-litters are significantly larger than those of second-litters. The result also showed that these is no significant difference from 1:1 in sex ratio during whole breeding season, whereas sex ratio of adult in May is significantly higher than that in July and August. It is suggested that plateau pikas living in environmental conditions where have a long winter time, short breeding seasons, rigorous climate and limited food supply adjust their family group structure to improve reproductive success. Home range and core area sizes are significantly different among different months. In May and June home range sizes of adults are significantly larger than those of juveniles, but there are no significant differences in core area sizes between them; in July, home range and core area sizes of adults and first-litter juveniles are significantly larger than those of second-litters. In May and June home range sizes of adult males are significantly larger than those in July and August; in June and July, home range sizes of adult females are significantly larger than those in May and August. There is a significant positive correlation between home range or core area sizes and the number of plateau pikas within family groups. The results indicated that season and family group structure each had a great effect on spatial territory. The population density of plateau pikas changes dramatically during breeding seasons, however, population was stable among different years. There are 3 mortality peaks in the population of plateau pika. The first time in neonate period, and mortality of the second litters is significantly higher than the first litters; the second time is fecundity peak period, which reflects the cost of reproductive; the third time is senile period, a significant loss occur during this period. The mortality of plateau pikas during cold seasons is significant lower than warm seasons, which implies the adaptation to high and extremely cold environment. The grow rate of juveniles is 1.3-1.4g/d before the middle of August, and growth rate of the second litters is significantly higher than the first litters, growth rate of juvenile males is significantly higher than females. In later August, body weight of juveniles reaches adults, and there is no significant difference between litters. There is no significant difference of body weight of 2-year-old and 3-year-old adults, and no significant difference of same age between littersThe body weight of juveniles or the first litter adult males is significant higher than females, but non significant difference of the second litters between genders are founded, which suggests that there exists dimorphism only at specifically age-scales.
页数	66
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://210.75.249.4/handle/363003/3192
专题	中国科学院西北高原生物研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	曲家鹏. 高原鼠兔家群空间模式和种群统计学特征研究[D]. 西北高原生物研究所. 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,2008.

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